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Summary

Fluorescent Lighting Dimming Controls

Daylight Responsive Lighting Control: Continuous Dimming vs. Manual Control or Occupancy Sensor

Lighting controls have been developed to dim fluorescent lighting systems for architectural ambience or activity-specific needs. Dimming down to 1% of full output is possible with continuous dimming providing daylight harvesting while providing smooth light-level reductions.

Synopsis:

The ability to dim lighting is very important to many building occupants, particularly in hospitality, conference, and religious spaces. Temporarily reducing the amount of light a system produces is desirablefor many reasons, including daylight harvesting and load shedding, which are practical for energy management and improving light quality in buildings.

Fluorescent systems may be dimmed using dimming ballasts with specific wiring schemes or with digital dimming ballasts coupled with a software program. When done for energy efficiency, lighting can be reduced by approximately 20% from full output; the human eye cannot detect a marginal reduction in visible light yet such a reduction reduces energy consumption. Some systems can dim down to 1%, generally used in architectural/ambience applications. For energy management purposes, systems can be dimmed to as low as 5% to10% of full light output.

A variety of dimming ballasts, sensors and control products are available.  Digital electronic ballasts, which use a software program tocommunicate with the ballasts, can dim down to 1% and may be used with compact fluorescent systems. Careful commissioning and maintenance of the software is required to operate or modify the switching.  Appearance, installation and wiring are identical to standard, instant-start ballasts.  Depending on the control system used, they may be integrated into the facility’s building automation system or be controlled separately by the building operator from on or off site. Dimmable compact fluorescent lamps and fixtures are also compatible with most modern dimmers. The dimming range isgenerally 30% to 100% of light output, unless the system is digital. 

Energy Savings: 28%
Energy Savings Rating: Comprehensive Analysis  What's this?
LevelStatusDescription
1Concept not validatedClaims of energy savings may not be credible due to lack of documentation or validation by unbiased experts.
2Concept validated:An unbiased expert has validated efficiency concepts through technical review and calculations based on engineering principles.
3Limited assessmentAn unbiased expert has measured technology characteristics and factors of energy use through one or more tests in typical applications with a clear baseline.
4Extensive assessmentAdditional testing in relevant applications and environments has increased knowledge of performance across a broad range of products, applications, and system conditions.
5Comprehensive analysisResults of lab and field tests have been used to develop methods for reliable prediction of performance across the range of intended applications.
6Approved measureProtocols for technology application are established and approved.

Status:

Details

Fluorescent Lighting Dimming Controls

Daylight Responsive Lighting Control: Continuous Dimming vs. Manual Control or Occupancy Sensor

Lighting controls have been developed to dim fluorescent lighting systems for architectural ambience or activity-specific needs. Dimming down to 1% of full output is possible with continuous dimming providing daylight harvesting while providing smooth light-level reductions.
Item ID: 103
Sector: Commercial
Energy System: Lighting--Sensors & Controls
Technical Advisory Group: 2009 Lighting TAG (#1)

Synopsis:

The ability to dim lighting is very important to many building occupants, particularly in hospitality, conference, and religious spaces. Temporarily reducing the amount of light a system produces is desirablefor many reasons, including daylight harvesting and load shedding, which are practical for energy management and improving light quality in buildings.

Fluorescent systems may be dimmed using dimming ballasts with specific wiring schemes or with digital dimming ballasts coupled with a software program. When done for energy efficiency, lighting can be reduced by approximately 20% from full output; the human eye cannot detect a marginal reduction in visible light yet such a reduction reduces energy consumption. Some systems can dim down to 1%, generally used in architectural/ambience applications. For energy management purposes, systems can be dimmed to as low as 5% to10% of full light output.

A variety of dimming ballasts, sensors and control products are available.  Digital electronic ballasts, which use a software program tocommunicate with the ballasts, can dim down to 1% and may be used with compact fluorescent systems. Careful commissioning and maintenance of the software is required to operate or modify the switching.  Appearance, installation and wiring are identical to standard, instant-start ballasts.  Depending on the control system used, they may be integrated into the facility’s building automation system or be controlled separately by the building operator from on or off site. Dimmable compact fluorescent lamps and fixtures are also compatible with most modern dimmers. The dimming range isgenerally 30% to 100% of light output, unless the system is digital. 

Baseline Example:

Baseline Description: Manual Lighting System Control
Baseline Energy Use: 1.2 kWh per year per square foot

Comments:

The average interior lighting power density within the commercial sector in the Northwest is 1.15 W/sf.  (2009 NEEA "Northwest Commercial Building Stock Assessment", Page 27).  Only 5% of the regional indoor wattage is controlled by dimming (Table C-IL-25).   Most existing fluorescent lighting systems are controlled manually, possibly with the option of one or more switching patterns to control the light level, but inertia often means once switched on they remain at whatever level that is, regardless of available daylight. Energy codes now require that for new construction and major remodeling, lighting fixtures closest to the windows or skylights, in the defined daylight zones, have controls that are automatically responsive to daylight.


Manufacturer's Energy Savings Claims:

"Typical" Savings: 28%
Savings Range: From 1% to 70%

Comments:

Energy savings attributed to daylight harvesting through any means are highly variable from site to site. Energy savings can be obtained from either continuous or step dimming. Most manufacturers talk mostly about benefits of daylighting, increases in productivity, occupant satisfaction and the distraction of stepped or bi-level dimming rather than claim specific savings which are highly dependent on previous patterns of use, amount of space in the daylight zone, occupancy, visible transmittance of the windows, available daylight, length of the workday and more. Cooper Industries cites a case study showing 64% while Simkar claims "up to 40%". The degree of commissioning and the understanding of the system by the building operator or tenant are critical to success since mis-performing systems are likely to be disabled resulting in no savings and optimum savings result from a system well tuned to it's environments and occupants needs.

Best Estimate of Energy Savings:

"Typical" Savings: 28%
Low and High Energy Savings: 14% to 70%
Energy Savings Reliability: 5 - Comprehensive Analysis

Comments:

The Lawrence Berkeley National Lab reviewed 88 papers regarding energy savings and suggest average savings using photocontrols and dimming lights to be 28% in 2011. Several other studies focused more on blinds as automated shading. They caution  that multiple studies often show great variance in results and actual savings are very site specific. In cases where occupancy sensors are already installed, or part of the new control system due to code requirements, the percentage attributed to daylight harvesting is even harder to determine.

Energy Use of Emerging Technology:
.9 kWh per square foot per year What's this?

Energy Use of an Emerging Technology is based upon the following algorithm.

Baseline Energy Use - (Baseline Energy Use * Best Estimate of Energy Savings (either Typical savings OR the high range of savings.))

Technical Potential:
Units: square foot
Potential number of units replaced by this technology: 1,507,764,300
Comments:

Assume applicability in office, schools, universities, warehouses, hospitals, and other commercial space.  The CBSA indicates that there are 2,289 billion sf of conditioned commercial floor space in the Northwest.  The study also finds that 70% of the indoor lighting wattage is fluorescent (Table C-IL12) and that 5.9% of the floor space already has indoor lighting systems with dimming and/or photocell control.  Fluorescent dimming controls can then be retrofit to control about: 2.289 billion sf x 0.7 x (1 - 0.059) = 1,507,764,300 sf of floor space.  Commercial Building Stock Assessment, NEEA, 2009 http://neea.org/resource-center/regional-data-resources/commercial-building-stock-assessment

Regional Technical Potential:
0.51 TWh per year
58 aMW
What's this?

Regional Technical Potential of an Emerging Technology is calculated as follows:

Baseline Energy Use * Estimate of Energy Savings (either Typical savings OR the high range of savings) * Technical Potential (potential number of units replaced by the Emerging Technology)

First Cost: Currently no data available.

Cost Effectiveness:

Simple payback, new construction (years): N/A

Simple payback, retrofit (years): N/A

What's this?

Cost Effectiveness is calculated using baseline energy use, best estimate of typical energy savings, and first cost. It does not account for factors such as impacts on O&M costs (which could be significant if product life is greatly extended) or savings of non-electric fuels such as natural gas. Actual overall cost effectiveness could be significantly different based on these other factors.

Reference and Citations:

Lutron, 01/01/2013. Commercial Solutions: Energy Savings
Lutron
Special Notes: Provides manufacturer estimate of lighting energy savings for commercial buildings with dimming/occupancy controls.

LRC, 01/01/2004. Daylight Dividends Case Study: TomoTherapy Incorporated Madison, Wis.
Lighting Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Special Notes: Provides a lower boundary estimate of energy savings for dimming in a commercial building.

Lutron, 09/27/2010. Case Study: The New York Times Building, New York, NY
Lutron
Special Notes: Provides upper boundary of energy savings for daylight harvesting and occupancy sensors. Includes a breakdown of estimated savings purely from dimming/harvesting (20% of total lighting savings, or 14% reduction of lighting energy use).

LRC, 01/01/2011. Daylight Dividends Web site
Lighting Research Center

LCA, 01/01/2013. Education Express
Lighting Controls Association

Craig DiLouie, 03/01/2006. Why Do Daylight Harvesting Projects Succeed or Fail?
Lighting Controls Association

Craig DiLouie, 09/16/2013. Estimating Energy Savings with Lighting Controls
Lighting Controls Association
Special Notes: Includes results of survey of electrical contractors and energyconsultants on use of automated controls.

ALG, 01/01/2011. Energy Efficient Fluorescent Ballasts
Advanced Lighting Guidelines
Special Notes: Must be a subscriber to access.

ALG, 01/01/2011. Digital Dimming Ballasts
Advanced Lighting Guidelines

IESNA, 01/01/2011. The Lighting Handbook: 10th Edition
Illuminating Engineering Society

Mary Ann Piette, 12/16/2008. Linking Continuous Energy Management and Open Automated Demand Response
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

WMU, 10/02/2012. Daylight Harvesting
Western Michigan University

RA Athalye, 08/01/2013. Analysis of Daylighting Requirements within ASHRAE Standard 90.1
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory for the US. Dept. of Energy

Nexant, 10/30/2013. Intel Advanced Lighting Controls Project
Sacramento Municipal Utility District

ADM Associates, Inc, 07/09/2013. Fluorescent dimming Ballast study Report
Sacramento Municipal Utility District
Special Notes: Not all dimming ballasts perform equally.

Rank & Scores

Fluorescent Lighting Dimming Controls

2009 Lighting TAG (#1)


Technical Advisory Group: 2009 Lighting TAG (#1)
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